The ultimate collapse of the Western Roman Empire was the result of sustained pressure from Germanic and tribal groups that were often pushed into Roman territory by climate change and external threats like the Huns.
The Roman economy’s complete dependence on slave labor created an internal ticking time bomb. The third and most famous of these revolts was led by Spartacus , a gladiator who organized a massive slave army that defeated multiple Roman legions before being suppressed. The Barbarian Invasions and the Fall of the West Against Rome
Perhaps the most legendary struggle "against Rome" was led by the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca . During the Second Punic War, Hannibal achieved unprecedented victories by crossing the Alps with elephants and defeating Roman legions on their own soil. Despite these tactical brilliance, Rome’s resilience eventually led to the total destruction of Carthage. The ultimate collapse of the Western Roman Empire
Masada: A heroic last stand against Rome - Princeton University Press The Barbarian Invasions and the Fall of the
Not all who fought Rome came from without; many of the fiercest struggles originated within the empire's borders.
In the East, the Parthians dealt Rome one of its greatest military disasters at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BCE. Their superior cavalry and mounted archers annihilated the legions of Marcus Licinius Crassus , stalling Roman expansion into Persia for centuries. Internal Resistance: The Struggle for Liberty