: Fine discusses how societal expectations can impact performance . When people are made aware of negative stereotypes about their group (e.g., "women are bad at math"), they often perform worse, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy that is then mistakenly attributed to biology. Gender stereotypes in childhood: what’s the harm?
: Fine refutes popular claims—found in books like The Female Brain —that suggest men are naturally analytical while women are naturally empathetic due to brain structure. She highlights that the scientific evidence for such categorical distinctions is often weak, based on small sample sizes, or flawed by publication bias.
: Central to her argument is the concept of neuroplasticity , which describes the brain's ability to reorganize itself based on experience. Because our environment is heavily gendered from birth, our brains develop in ways that reflect those societal norms.
: This term refers to the use of neuroscience to reinforce gender stereotypes . Fine explains how seemingly objective brain scans are often interpreted through a biased lens to justify existing social inequalities, such as the underrepresentation of women in STEM.