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: It uses tiny reagent volumes—often as low as 3 µL —and eliminates the need for expensive laboratory readers, as results can often be scanned with a smartphone.

Researchers like those publishing in ScienceDirect and ACS Publications have focused on optimizing these "solid paper" platforms to improve sensitivity and stability, such as using to prevent antibodies from washing off the paper. elisa ann

: Because of its portability and low cost, it is ideal for monitoring human performance biomarkers or diagnosing diseases in resource-limited settings. Scientific Context : It uses tiny reagent volumes—often as low