Focuses on how well test scores relate to external measures, such as performance in a university setting or other standardized tests like IELTS or TOEFL .
Evaluates the "washback" effect—how the test influences teaching and learning in the classroom and its broader social consequences. Strengths of the Work Language Testing and Validation
Cyril J. Weir’s (2005) is a seminal text in applied linguistics that revolutionized how researchers and educators think about test quality. Moving beyond simple statistical reliability, it introduces a "socio-cognitive" framework that integrates the physical, social, and mental processes involved in language use. Core Framework: The Socio-Cognitive Model Focuses on how well test scores relate to
Weir’s primary contribution is a unified framework for validation that breaks down the "black box" of language testing into manageable components: Language Testing and Validation