Everyone consistently underestimates the number of stupid individuals.
Stupid people are the most dangerous type because their irrational actions are unpredictable. Cipolla's Matrix of Human Behavior
The is a seminal essay by Italian economic historian Carlo M. Cipolla , first published in 1976. It presents a satirical yet rigorous framework for understanding stupidity as a distinct and highly dangerous social force. The Five Basic Laws
Cipolla categorizes behavior into four types based on gains/losses for oneself and others:
The probability of being stupid is independent of any other characteristic, such as education or status.
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