Mongolia (itinerarium): Viaggio In

Several papers and critical editions analyze Rubruck's journey from historical, social, and cultural perspectives:

: The most authoritative modern Italian edition is Viaggio in Mongolia (Itinerarium) , edited by Paolo Chiesa (Milano: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 2011). It features the original Latin text with a facing Italian translation and extensive commentary. Viaggio in Mongolia (Itinerarium)

: For a look at specific cultural clashes, Friars and the Consumption of Kumiss in the Mongol Empire discusses the friars' reactions to fermented mare's milk, a staple of Mongolian culture. Key Themes in the Itinerarium Christian Material Culture and the Mongols - Brill Key Themes in the Itinerarium Christian Material Culture

: The paper Travels of Christian Friars to the Mongols: Social Setting and Mission in the 13th Century explores the practical challenges of these missions, including communication and social interactions with local inhabitants. This work is considered one of the most

: Christian Material Culture and the Mongols examines the role of liturgical items and religious equipment Rubruck brought with him, reconsidering his role more as a missionary than a diplomat.

"Viaggio in Mongolia (Itinerarium)" refers to the 13th-century travelogue of the Franciscan friar , who journeyed to the Mongol Empire between 1253 and 1255. This work is considered one of the most detailed and reliable medieval accounts of the Mongols and their customs. Recommended Academic Resources